{"id":388,"date":"2021-04-22T17:24:00","date_gmt":"2021-04-22T08:24:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/?p=388"},"modified":"2022-03-08T15:44:22","modified_gmt":"2022-03-08T06:44:22","slug":"introduction-of-quantum-annealing-and-d-wave-machines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/blog\/introduction-of-quantum-annealing-and-d-wave-machines","title":{"rendered":"\u91cf\u5b50\u30a2\u30cb\u30fc\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3068D-wave"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u672c\u8cc7\u6599\u306f2021\u5e744\u670822\u65e5\u306b\u793e\u5185\u5171\u6709\u8cc7\u6599\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3092WEB\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u5411\u3051\u306b\u30ea\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30a2\u30eb\u3057\u305f\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\" id=\"outline\"><strong>\u25a0Outline<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:16px\"><li>About D-Wave Machines<\/li><li>Theory of (Adiabatic) Quantum Annealing<\/li><li>How to run D-Wave Machines<\/li><li>Applications of D-Wave Machines<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\" id=\"reference\"><strong>\u25a0Reference<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"443\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_01.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-414\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_01.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_01-300x130.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_01-768x332.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_01-304x132.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\" id=\"about-d-wave-machines\"><strong>\u25a0About D-Wave Machines<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>What is a \u201dquantum computer\u201d ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Quantum Computer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:16px\"><li>a high-performance computer taking advantage of quantum effects<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_02.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-415\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_02.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_02-300x86.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_02-768x221.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_02-304x88.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"what-are-quantum-annealing-and\" style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>What are \u201dquantum annealing\u201d and \u201cD-Wave machine?<\/strong>\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Quantum Annealing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:16px\"><li><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">Quantum algorithm<\/mark> to search the global minimum (\u6700\u9069\u89e3) of a combinatorial optimization problem (\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u6700\u9069\u5316\u554f\u984c)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"176\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_03.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-416\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_03.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_03-300x52.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_03-768x132.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_03-304x52.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">From Wikipedia: Quantuma annealing<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>D-Wave Machine<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color\">Computer system<\/mark> implementing quantum annealing on its hardware<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:16px\"><li>Analog computer<\/li><li>Sampler (heuristic machine)<\/li><li>Under a severe environment<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"141\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_04.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-417\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_04.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_04-300x41.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_04-768x106.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_04-304x42.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">From Wikipedia: Quantuma annealing<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>D-Wave Machines<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\">D-Wave machine is the first commercialized quantum computer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"366\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_05.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-418\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_05.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_05-300x107.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_05-768x275.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_05-304x109.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\" id=\"theory-of-quantum-annealing\"><strong>\u25a0Theory of Quantum Annealing<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Qubit<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\"> D-Wave Machine is composed of qubits (\u91cf\u5b50\u30d3\u30c3\u30c8) quantum + bit \u2192 qubit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"291\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_06.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-419\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_06.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_06-300x85.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_06-768x218.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_06-304x86.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Quantum Annealing: Framework<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"468\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_07.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_07.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_07-300x137.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_07-768x351.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_07-304x139.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Quantum Annealing: Target Term<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1022\" height=\"377\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_08.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-421\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_08.png 1022w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_08-300x111.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_08-768x283.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_08-304x112.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1022px) 100vw, 1022px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\">Many combinatorial optimization problems can be mapped onto the Ising model<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Quantum Annealing: Combinatorial Optimization Problem<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"475\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_09.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_09.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_09-300x139.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_09-768x356.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_09-304x141.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Quantum Annealing: Driver Term<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-423\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_10.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_10-300x129.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_10-768x331.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_10-304x131.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Quantum Annealing: GS of Driver Term<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"446\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_11.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_11.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_11-300x131.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_11-768x335.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_11-304x132.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Quantum Annealing: Mechanism<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"435\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_12.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_12.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_12-300x127.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_12-768x326.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_12-304x129.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Quantum Annealing: Failure of Quantum Annealing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\">Fast annealing cause state transition from the GS to other states<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"370\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_13.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-391\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_13.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_13-300x108.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_13-768x278.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_13-304x110.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Quantum Annealing: Difference with Simulated Annealing(Classical)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_14.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-392\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_14.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_14-300x109.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_14-768x279.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_14-304x110.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:16px\">Quantum annealing can pass through energy barrier<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Quantum Annealing: Failure of Simulated Annealing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\">Fast cooling trap the state in the local minimum<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:16px\">Simulated Annealing:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"404\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_15.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-393\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_15.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_15-300x118.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_15-768x303.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_15-304x120.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Quantum Annealing: Theoretical Estimation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\">Worst Evaluation(\u6700\u60aa\u8a55\u4fa1)<br>Required time to get optimal solution<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_16.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-394\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_16.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_16-300x109.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_16-768x279.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_16-304x110.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Quantum Annealing: Details of Required Time<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"453\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_17.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-395\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_17.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_17-300x133.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_17-768x340.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_17-304x134.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-to-run-d-wave-machines\"><strong>\u25a0How to run D-Wave Machines<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>D-Wave Cloud Service<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>D-Wave Leap<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:16px\"><li>D-Wave Inc. provides D-Wave cloud service called \u201cLeap\u201d<\/li><li>One need to create a free account<\/li><li>Leap provides free developer access, free time: one minute (QPU usage at $2000\/hour)<\/li><li>D-Wave provides python SDK called \u201cOcean\u201d to access to QPU, *QPU: quantum version of CPU<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"143\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_18.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-396\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_18.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_18-300x42.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_18-768x107.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_18-304x42.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">From https:\/\/cloud.dwavesys.com\/leap\/login\/?next=\/leap\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>View of D-Wave Leap (GUI part)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_19.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_19.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_19-300x139.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_19-768x355.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_19-304x140.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Available D-Wave Machines<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"424\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_20.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_20.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_20-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_20-768x318.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_20-304x126.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Difference between 2000Q and Advantage<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"430\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_21.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-399\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_21.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_21-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_21-768x323.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_21-304x128.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Flowchart to run D-Wave Machine<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"337\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_22.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_22.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_22-300x99.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_22-768x253.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_22-304x100.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\">SPIN: -1 or 1<br>BINARY: 0 or 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">From https:\/\/docs.ocean.dwavesys.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Preparation to run D-Wave Machines by Python<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"436\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_23.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_23.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_23-300x128.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_23-768x327.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_23-304x129.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Coding Process<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\">\u30001. Define model<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"74\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_24.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-402\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_24.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_24-300x22.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_24-768x56.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_24-304x22.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\">\u30002. Set up D-Wave Sampler (QPU)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"33\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_25.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-403\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_25.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_25-300x10.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_25-768x25.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_25-304x10.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u30003. Embed and sample Ising or QUBO model<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"58\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_26.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-404\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_26.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_26-300x17.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_26-768x44.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_26-304x17.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\">\u30004. Analyze solutions!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Code Example<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"461\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_27.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-405\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_27.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_27-300x135.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_27-768x346.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_27-304x137.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Minor Embedding<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\">D-Wave machine can not implement a full-connected model directly\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"316\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_28.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-406\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_28.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_28-300x93.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_28-768x237.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_28-304x94.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:16px\">\u201dEmbeddingComposites\u201d automatically do minor embedding<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Chain Breaking<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_29.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-407\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_29.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_29-300x115.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_29-768x296.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_29-304x117.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Applications of D-Wave Machines: Industry<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_30.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_30.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_30-300x123.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_30-768x315.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_30-304x125.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">From dwavejapan.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Applications of D-Wave machines: Academia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\">Simulating physics with computersInternational Journal of Theoretical Physics 21, 467\u2013 488(1982)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"168\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_31.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-409\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_31.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_31-300x49.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_31-768x126.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_31-304x50.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\">Observation of topological phenomena in a programmable lattice of 1,800 qubits<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"190\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_32.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-410\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_32.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_32-300x56.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_32-768x143.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_32-304x56.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1803.02047<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\">Probing the Universality of Topological Defect Formation in a Quantum Annealer: <br>Kibble-Zurek Mechanism and Beyond<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"157\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_33.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-411\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_33.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_33-300x46.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_33-768x118.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_33-304x47.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2001.11637 etc\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Characteristic Properties and Future Prospects<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Characteristic Properties<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:16px\"><li>There are hardware problems at each machine.<\/li><li>Sometimes noise or bias affects results.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"186\" src=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_34.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_34.png 1024w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_34-300x54.png 300w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_34-768x140.png 768w, https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NS20210422_34-304x55.png 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Prospects<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:16px\"><li>There are several researches to speed up.<\/li><li>Different scheduler may be added. e.g., reverse annealing, pause, quench<\/li><li>Larger scale, more couplers, more stable<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:18px\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:16px\"><li>D-Wave machines work by quantum annealing algorithm<\/li><li>Quantum annealing is theoretically faster than classical algorithms, details depend on the type of problem<\/li><li>There are several generations of D-Wave machines, and what they can do is different.<\/li><li>We can easily access and use D-Wave machines through Leap<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u30c0\u30a6\u30f3\u30ed\u30fc\u30c9\">\u25a0\u30c0\u30a6\u30f3\u30ed\u30fc\u30c9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/\u91cf\u5b50\u30a2\u30cb\u30fc\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3068D-wave.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u91cf\u5b50\u30a2\u30cb\u30fc\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3068D-wave.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u672c\u8cc7\u6599\u306f2021\u5e744\u670822\u65e5\u306b\u793e\u5185\u5171\u6709\u8cc7\u6599\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3092WEB\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u5411\u3051\u306b\u30ea\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30a2\u30eb\u3057\u305f\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002 \u25a0Outline About D-Wave Machines Theory of (Adiabatic &#8230; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":413,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[48,46,47,49],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/388"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=388"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/388\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":729,"href":"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/388\/revisions\/729"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/413"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=388"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=388"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arithmer.blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=388"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}